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SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) is a standard that defines a language for communicating with instruments based on messages. The majority of the GPIB instruments use the SCPI but also RS-232, Ethernet, VXI, PXI may use it. Several measurement instrument manufacturers have adopted this standard as HP / Agilent for example, allowing some communication uniformity between several devices.
Some examples of SCPI commands:
Instrument identification querry: *IDN? Instrument reset: RST Measure querry: MES?
The AK protocol define a communication protocol over serial RS-232 or TCP/IP connection between devices, typically between a PC and measuring instruments.
The RS-422 is a standard for serial bus. It is newer than the RS-232 and more efficient. The RS-422 cable contains a twisted pair. We can form a point to point network linking up to 10 devices (1 driver and 10 receivers) and up to 1200 meters in length. It operates in differential mode on levels +6V -6V and can reach speeds up to 10Mb/s. It can operate in half-duplex or full duplex with 4 cables.
The RS-232 is a standard for serial bus. It operates in point to point mode with one transmitter and one receiver, up to 15 meters in length. It operates with voltages of -15V to -3V for logic 1 and +3V to +15V for logic 0 (typically -12V to +12 V) and can reach speeds of 20Kb/s.
The RS-485 is a serial bus standard. It is an evolution of the RS-422 and like it, the RS-485 cable is composed of a twisted pair. We can form a point to point network linking up to 64 devices (32 transmitters and 32 receivers, this is the diference with the RS-422), and up to 1200 meters in length. It operates in differential mode on levels -6V and +6V and can reach speeds up to 10 Mbits/s. It can operate in half-duplex or full duplex with 4 wires.
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